This paper presents the outcome of the axle load survey on a section of a rural trunk road in. Determine the mean equivalence factor for each class of vehicle and for each direction form the result of this axle load survey and any other surveys that have recently been carried out. This publication describes the methodology and procedures required to carry out both a traffic count and an axle load survey and includes methods of data analysis for pavement design purposes. Finally, the composite axle load distributions are related to percentage of trucks on the basis of historical data. Estimation of axle loads of heavy vehicles for pavement studies. All axle loads contribute to pavement deterioration. These results are especially useful, because overloading of lorries is. This paper discusses the equipment, methods, applications, and case studies of axle load surveys on indian roads. Table 2 is the summary of the axle load measurement conducted, which. Oct 05, 2016 in this video wheel weight of trucks are recorded using portable axle weigh pads supplied by elite digi systems, a sister concern of ms celtronic automation pvt ltd.
Cad models of steering knuckle were developed in 3d modeling software, such as creo proe 2. Exploratory empirical analysis sunbal hanif1, anwaar ahmed2, tariq usman saeed3 and qiang bai4. Information obtained on the existing pavement condition and apparent distress is. Axle load calculations general information about axle load calculations 04. The initial traffic in the year of completion in each direction is 150 cvpd and growth rate is 5%. Design the pavement for construction of a new two lane carriageway for design life 15 years using irc method. Dynamic axle loads on a vehicle under arbitrary condition it is an important step in analysis of acceleration and braking performance because the axle loads determine the tractive effort obtainable at each axle. Traffic loading and volume traffic is the most important factor in pavement design and stress analysis. Axle load projections were developed for all inservice years up to 1998 for 558 ltpp traffic sites that had adequate traffic monitoring data in the ims database. On the basis of actual axle loads of 12,638 vehicles. The importance of a field survey on rehabilitation projects cannot be overemphasized. Analysis and determination of axle load spectra and traffic input for the mechanistic. On engineering methods for assessment of load capacity of stone arch bridges masters thesis in the masters programme solid and fluid mechanics kristoffer holmstrom department of applied mechanics division of material and computational mechanics chalmers university of technology goteborg, sweden 2010. Analysis of axle loadings and determination of vehicle damage factor and design of overlay on outer ring road in bangalore, karnataka.
Pavement for heavy truck use pavement for a facility are expected to have full ohio legal loads. Estimating cumulative traffic loads, volume ii, traffic data. The axle load weighing described in this guideline deals only with static weighing and does not deal with the weight of moving vehicles commonly termed weigh in motion wim. Maximum payload when loaded to the trailer headboard the diagrams below show the maximum payload for different length product when loaded to the trailer headboard based on typical 2 and 3 axle tractor units and trailers. On engineering methods for assessment of load capacity of. As axle load survey is a costly exercise all information that can be easily captured should be recorded. This means that the vehicle components listed above must be designed with this in mind, with the disadvantage that stiffer springs reduce the comfort and, under certain circumstances, tyres, axle parts and wheel bearings with a higher load capacity may. Table 2 is the summary of the axle load measurement conducted, which reflects only those vehicles likely to cause damage to the pavement. Axle load of rolling stock is important for railway construction.
Axle load spectrum studies and analysis to arrive vehicle damage factor vdf 4. The design eals represent the equivalent num ber of applications of a standard or base axle load anticipated during the design life. The axles considered include those of large buses, 2axles for medium trucks, 3axles for heavy trucks and the 4axles heavier trucks. For highways the maximum legal axle load in india, specified by irc, is 10 tonnes. This paper describes the data collection, analysis and recommendation for the. Stress distribution analysis of rear axle housing by using finite elements analysis. The axle load survey was conducted based on randomly selected heavy vehicles, on both directions for 16hours survey period. An example of design without soil strength test is by using hrb soil classification system, in which soils are grouped from a1 to a7 and a group index is added to differentiate soils within each group. The axle load of a wheeled vehicle is the total weight bearing on the roadway for all wheels connected to a given axle. Axle load is an important design consideration in the engineering of roadways and railways, as both are designed to tolerate a maximum weightper axle axle load. All wim stations used in the analysis were situated on major roads.
Internal drainage of the pavement system and the subgrade can exert a profound influence on the. Analysis and determination of axle load spectra and traffic input for the mechanisticempirical pavement design guide 5. We give a complete solutions for traffic engineering. Design a suitable pavement section for a design life of 15 years. The axle load projections were expressed as annual axle load spectra for single, tandem, and triple axles, and were placed into ims computed parameter tables. Estimating cumulative traffic loads, volume ii, traffic. Advantia conducts an inservice axle loads survey which in turn allows a mass limit increase of two tonnes for 2 axle buses in victoria. The most common historical approach is to convert damage from wheel loads of various magnitudes and repetitions mixed traffic to damage from an equivalent number of standard or equivalent loads. The analysis of a proposed wick drain should include.
Various models of axle load distributions were examined, and it was found that a secondorder polynomial regression model offered the best estimates of axle loads. Design esals is a cumulative traffic load summary statistic. The above portions were used in the construction of the axle load distribution for a given level of expected law enforcement. These survey data are then used to calculate the mean number of equivalent standard axles for a typical vehicle in each vehicle class. Axle loads and gross vehicle weights can be measured by static or dynamic methods. A five axle, 18 wheel tractor and semi case studies of public records spanning nearly 60 years have shown that heavy duty asphalt concrete pavements have an outstanding record for. Seven day classified traffic and axle load survey was conducted for the determination of adt. Avis june 2002 revised, june 2003 ucprcrr200201 university of california, berkeley institute of transportation studies pavement research center. Wheel weighing application with portable axle weigh pads from.
An empirical analysis of flexible pavement design can be done with or with out a soil strength test. Analysis of axle loadings on a rural road in nigeria 1stephen sunday kolo, 2yinusa alaro jimoh, 1peter ndoke ndoke. We being expert in traffic and transportation engineering provide. A comprehensive analysis of the field survey data was undertaken to determine the incremental pavement wear cost caused by the periods of overloading and found that in almost all cases the additional. The only effective way to compare the damaging effect of traffic on given roads is to measure the complete spectrum of axle loads and calculate the appropriate equivalence factors. While such norms have been laid down in india also, these are quite liberal in relation to the road pavement strength. Pavement condition survey soil and material investigations hydrology and drainage studies traffic surveys and analysis geotechnical investigations 4. For example, some results of soil and materials survey and study of cross. The axle load of locomotive shall affect the power of locomotive, and trains axle load shall affect the trains load per meter. Paper open access investigation on road damage due to vehicle.
The consultant geotechnical engineer shall furnish an estimated. Gott a statistical approach was used to characterize axle loads of heavy vehicles for use in highway pavement design and performance analysis. It was found that the fill height was the most influential parameter on the. Axle load histogram 0 50 100 150 200 250 600011999. The works reported in journals at the national as well as international level were. On engineering methods for assessment of load capacity of stone arch bridges. The axle load survey was carried out on a road section of sh 49 from hospet to. Local conditions enter the analysis primarily in the. Estimation of axle loads of heavy vehicles for pavement studies t. Estimation of pavement damage cost for establishing equitable. Restrictions on the front axle load apply primarily because the vehicle has to meet the requirements of steering torque.
Truck traffic analysis using weighinmotion wim data in. The recommended traffic analysis activities include the development of the ltpp plg, completing traffic. Manual for survey, invstigationand preparation of road projects i have composed initial few chapters of the code book for those field staff who are not immediately equipped with irc. The statistic represents a mixed stream of traffic of different axle loads and axle configurations predicted over the design or analysis period and then converted into an equivalent number of 18,000lb. Average estimates obtained at several locations have been. When there is a torque equilibrium around the centre of the wheel, the following.
A study of axle overloadings on a rural road in nigeria. Traffic load analysis calculation truck factor, esal. Analysis of axle loadings and determination of vehicle damage. Load research and load estimation in electricity distribution. Analysis of axle loadings and determination of vehicle. Inservice axle loads survey advantia transport consulting. This paper presents the outcome of the axle load survey on a section of a rural trunk road in nigeria in order to ascertain the contribution of overloaded goods vehicles to pavement failure. It is one of major basis to determine the designed load standard.
Kentucky has been estimating design eals since adopting the load equivalency con cept in the mid1940 s 1. Past research has revealed that 70% of the two and three axle trucks and 40% of four, five and six axle trucks violate legal weight limits moi, 2007. Study on impact of vehicle overloading on national. Analysis of axle loadings on a rural road in nigeria. The manufacturer specifies the higher axle load for all vehicles. In terms of the number of applications, a lef can be defined as shown in equation 2. The procedures are based on tried and tested methods used by experienced staff who have undertaken numerous axle load surveys worldwide. Axle load analysis for bituminous pavement design youtube. Apr 04, 2017 as axle load survey is a costly exercise all information that can be easily captured should be recorded. Legal load limit, gross vehicle weight, equivalent standard axle load, vehicle damage factor, truck overloading, cumulative standard axles.
The figures below and in section 4 are based on vehicle tare. Analysis and determination of axle load spectra and. Whilethe second part is of the models were then obtained and compared using finite element analysis fea via. Out of the 120 pages of the original printed book, only 34 pages are. The results of the axle load surveys carried out in abu dhabi and qatar show clearly that axle loads in these. Estimation of pavement damage cost for establishing.
Traffic on design lane worked out by finding the directional distribution factor 0. Truck traffic analysis using weighinmotion wim data in california by q. Traffic constitutes the load imparted on the pavement causing the stresses, strains and deflections in the pavement. Establishment of statewide axle load spectra data using. Traffic studies were conducted on the study road stretches with axle load survey on roads indentified for. Most of the routes constructed on indian railways, earlier provided for lower axle load traffic 20t to 22. Jica sent to ethiopia a survey team from november, 20 to december 18, 20 and from may 10, 2014 to june 7, 2014. For the weight of each axle, it were about 241 and 97 number of heavy vehicles. Ltd ictpl, new delhi, in joint venture with grant thornton advisory pvt. Fundamentals of vehicle dynamics indian institute of.
On the basis of the analysis of the axle load data, there is a need to conduct axle load studies to provide reliable estimates. Analysis and determination of axle load spectra and traffic. When the system is not moving, the sum of all forces and torques equals 0. The damage caused by each axle depends on its load, configuration and repetitions it is possible to evaluate the damage caused by the repetitions of each axle load group instead of analysing each axle load group separately, they can be converted into equivalent repetitions of a standard axle using equivalent axle load factors. Pdf stress distribution analysis of rear axle housing by. Authors yi jiang, shuo li, tommy nantung, and huaxin chen 8. The maximum allowed axle load on the roads is called legal axle load. Failure to do so will result in the yielding of the subgrade, resulting in loss of pavement support and pavement failure. Axle load projections were developed for all inservice years up to 1998 for 558 ltpp traffic sites that had adequate traffic monitoring. Hence the pavement design must account for the amount of traffic load expected over its design life. Guidelines for load outs 00nd rev 8 page 6 of 38 2 introduction 2.
The premature failure of highways, caused by overloading is responsible for increased. The bridge load and track type shall also be controlled by cars axle load. The ratio of the reference axle load configuration damage to the damage caused by any given axle load configuration is the lef lef. Evaluation of vehicle damage factor in overloading for different.
Traffic constitutes the load imparted on the pavement causing the stresses, strains and deflections in the pavement layers and the subgrade. It is a single axle load with dual wheel carrying 80 kn load and the design of pavement is based on the standard axle load. Manual, fhward97001, usdot, federal highway administration. This paper presents the outcome of the axle load survey on a section of a. Estimation of axle loads of heavy vehicles for pavement. Establishment of statewide axle load spectra data using cluster analysis article in ksce journal of civil engineering 197. Vehicle damage factor based on axle load survey was 4. A newly constructed road is a valuable asset to the country. In flexible pavement analysis, it is approximated to circular shape for.
Hence, axle load surveys and analysis is essential to assist in planning. Past research has revealed that 70% of the two and three axle trucks and. Conducting an od origin and destination survey in parallel with an axle load survey will. Analysis of axle loadings on a rural road in nigeria ijesi. Tandem and multiple axles fitted with additional tyres are allowed higher tonnage.
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